{"id":891,"date":"2023-11-29T21:08:05","date_gmt":"2023-11-29T21:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/persga.org\/?page_id=891"},"modified":"2026-10-26T07:02:12","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T07:02:12","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/persga.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d8%af%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 <\/a>\n \n \n \n <\/svg>\n <\/span>\n \n \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0629 <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n
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\n \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
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\n \u0641\u064a <\/p>\n

\n 1982 <\/p>\n <\/div>\n

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\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u201d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1982 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985: \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n \n 1- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629. (2005) <\/h6>\n \n 2- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. (2005) <\/h6>\n \n 3- <\/span>(2009) .\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 <\/h6>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n
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\n \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f <\/h2>\n
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\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 ( \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648 ). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 (ROPME)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648) \u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 (UNEP) \u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 (GPA) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (IMO). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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\n \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f (2025 – 1982) <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
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\n \n \"\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\n <\/a>\n \n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a …<\/h3>\n <\/a>\n
\n \n \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 16 ,2024 <\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <\/svg>\n

<\/p>\n \n \n \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 <\/span>\n \n \n \n <\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n \n \"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\n <\/a>\n \n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 …<\/h3>\n <\/a>\n
\n \n \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 06 ,2009 <\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <\/svg>\n

<\/p>\n \n \n \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 <\/span>\n \n \n \n <\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n \n \"\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\n <\/a>\n \n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631 …<\/h3>\n <\/a>\n
\n \n \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 06 ,2005 <\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <\/svg>\n

<\/p>\n \n \n \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 <\/span>\n \n \n \n <\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n \n \"\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\n <\/a>\n \n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a …<\/h3>\n <\/a>\n
\n \n \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 06 ,2005 <\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <\/svg>\n

<\/p>\n \n \n \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 <\/span>\n \n \n \n <\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n \n \"\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\n <\/a>\n \n

\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n <\/a>\n
\n \n \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 06 ,1982 <\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n <\/svg>\n

<\/p>\n \n \n \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 <\/span>\n \n \n \n <\/svg>\n <\/span>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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